The Hundred Years War History and Summary

The Hundred Years War was a series of connected conflicts between England, the Valois kings of France, factions of French nobles and other allies over both claims to the French throne and control of land in France. It ran from 1337 to 1453; you’ve not misread that, it is actually longer than a hundred years; the name derived from nineteenth-century historians and has stuck. Context of the Hundred Years War: English Land in France Tensions between the English and French thrones over continental land dated to 1066 when William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England. His descendants in England had gained further lands in France by the reign of Henry II, who inherited the County of Anjou from his father and control of the Dukedom of Aquitaine through his wife. Tensions simmered between the growing power of the French kings and the great power of their most powerful, and in some eyes equal, English royal vassal, occasionally leading to armed conflict. King John of England lost Normandy, Anjou, and other lands in France in 1204, and his son was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris ceding this land. In return, he received Aquitaine and other territories to be held as a vassal of France. This was one king bowing to another, and there were further wars in 1294 and 1324 when Aquitaine was confiscated by France and won back by the English crown. As the profits from Aquitaine alone rivaled those of England, the region was important  and retained many differences from the rest of France. Origins of the Hundred Years War When Edward III of England came to blows with David Bruce of Scotland in the first half of the fourteenth century, France supported Bruce, raising tensions. These rose further as both Edward and Philip prepared for war, and Philip confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine in May 1337 in order to try and reassert his control. This was the direct start of the Hundred Years War. But what changed this conflict from the disputes over French land earlier was Edward III’s reaction: in 1340 he claimed the throne of France for himself. He had a legitimate right claim—when Charles IV of France had died in 1328 he was childless, and the 15-year-old Edward was a potential heir through his mother’s side, but a French Assembly chose Philip of Valois—but historians don’t know whether he really meant to try for the throne or was just using it as a bargaining chip to either gain land or divide the French nobility. Probably the latter but, either way, he called himself the King of France. Alternate Views As well as a conflict between England and France, the Hundred Years War can also be viewed as a struggle in France between the crown and major nobles for control of key ports and trading areas and equally a struggle between the centralizing authority of the French crown and local laws and independencies. Both are another stage in the development of the collapsing feudal/tenurial relationship between the King-Duke of England and the French King, and the growing power of the French crown/tenurial relationship between the King-Duke of England and the French King, and the growing power of the French crown. Edward III, the Black Prince and English Victories Edward III pursued a twofold attack on France. He worked to gain allies among disaffected French nobles, causing them to break with the Valois kings, or supported these nobles against their rivals. In addition, Edward, his nobles, and later his son—dubbed The Black Prince—led several great armed raids aimed at plundering, terrorizing and destroying French land, in order to enrich themselves and undermine the Valois king. These raids were called chevauchà ©es. French raids on the British coast were dealt a blow by the English naval victory at Sluys. Although the French and English armies often kept their distance, there were set-piece battles, and England won two famous victories at Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), the second capturing the Valois French King John. England had suddenly won a reputation for military success, and France was shocked. With France leaderless, with large parts in rebellion and the rest plagued by mercenary armies, Edward attempted to seize Paris and Rheims, perhaps for a royal coronation. He took neither  but brought the Dauphin—the name for the French heir to the throne - to the negotiating table. The Treaty of Brà ©tigny was signed in 1360 after further invasions: in return for dropping his claim on the throne. Edward won a large and independent Aquitaine, other land and a substantial sum of money. But complications in the text of this agreement allowed both sides to renew their claims later on. French Ascendance and a Pause Tensions rose again as England and France patronized opposing sides in a war for the Castilian crown. Debt from the conflict caused Britain to squeeze Aquitaine, whose nobles turned to France, who in turn confiscated Aquitaine again, and war erupted once more in 1369. The new Valois King of France, the intellectual Charles V, aided by an able guerrilla leader called Bertrand du Guesclin, reconquered much of the English gains while avoiding any large pitch battles with the attacking English forces. The Black Prince died in 1376, and Edward III in 1377, although the latter had been ineffectual in his last years. Even so, the English forces had managed to check the French gains and neither side sought a pitched battle; stalemate was reached. By 1380, the year both Charles V and du Guesclin died, both sides were growing tired of the conflict, and there were only sporadic raids interspersed by truces. England and France were both ruled by minors, and when Richard II of England came of age he reasserted himself over pro-war nobles (and a pro-war nation), suing for peace. Charles VI and his advisors also sought peace, and some went on crusade. Richard then became too tyrannical for his subjects and was deposed, while Charles went insane. French Division and Henry V In the early decades of the fifteenth-century tensions rose again, but this time between two noble houses in France — Burgundy and Orlà ©ans — over the right to govern on behalf of the mad king. This division led to civil war in 1407 after the head of Orlà ©ans was assassinated; the Orlà ©ans side became known as the Armagnacs after their new leader. After a misstep where a treaty was signed between the rebels and England, only for peace to break out in France when the English attacked, in 1415 a new English king seized the opportunity to intervene. This was Henry V, and his first campaign culminated in the most famous battle in English history: Agincourt. Critics might attack Henry for poor decisions which forced him to fight a larger pursing French force, but he won the battle. While this had little immediate effect on his plans for conquering France, the massive boost to his reputation allowed Henry to raise further funds for the war and made him a legend in British history. Henry returned again to France, this time aiming to take and hold land instead of carrying out chevauchà ©es; he soon had Normandy back under control. The Treaty of Troyes and an English King of France The struggles between the houses of Burgundy and Orlà ©ans continued, and even when a meeting was agreed to decide upon anti-English action, they fell out once more. This time John, Duke of Burgundy, was assassinated by one of the Dauphin’s party, and his heir allied with Henry, coming to terms in the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. Henry V of England would marry the daughter of the Valois King, become his heir and act as his regent. In return, England would continue the war against Orlà ©ans and their allies, which included the Dauphin. Decades later, a monk commenting upon the skull of Duke John said: â€Å"This is the hole through which the English entered France.† The Treaty was accepted in English and Burgundian held lands—largely the north of France—but not in the south, where the Valois heir to France was allied with the Orlà ©ans faction. However, in August 1422 Henry died, and the mad French King Charles VI followed soon after. Consequently, Henry’s nine-month-old son became king of both England and France, albeit with recognition largely in the north. Joan of Arc Henry VI’s regents won several victories as they readied for a push into the Orlà ©ans heartland, although their relationship with the Burgundians had grown fractious. By September 1428 they were besieging the town of Orlà ©ans itself, but they suffered a setback when the commanding Earl of Salisbury was killed observing the city. Then a new personality emerged: Joan of Arc. This peasant girl arrived at the Dauphin’s court claiming mystic voices had told her she was on a mission to free France from English forces. Her impact revitalized the moribund opposition, and they broke the siege around Orlà ©ans, defeated the English several times and were able to crown the Dauphin in Rheims cathedral. Joan was captured and executed by her enemies, but opposition in France now had a new king to rally around. After a few years of stalemate, they rallied around the new king when the Duke of Burgundy broke with the English in 1435. After the Congress of Arras, they recognized Charles VII as king. Many believe the Duke had decided England could never truly win France. French and Valois Victory The unification of Orlà ©ans and Burgundy under the Valois crown made an English victory all but impossible, but the war continued. The fighting was halted temporarily in 1444 with a truce and a marriage between Henry VI of England and a French princess. This, and the English government ceding Maine to achieve the truce caused an outcry in England. War soon began again when the English broke the truce. Charles VII had used the peace to reform the French army, and this new model made great advances against English lands on the continent and won the Battle of Formigny in 1450. By the end of 1453, after all, English land bar Calais had been retaken and feared English commander John Talbot had been killed at the Battle of Castillon, the war was effectively over.

Odysseus And A War At Troy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 724 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Odyssey Essay Did you like this example? In the odyssey by Homer the hero Odysseus leaves his home to battle in a war at Troy. It takes him 10 years to get back as he undergoes various battles internally and externally in his fight to eventually get his long awaited return. In the movie O Brother Where Art Thou the three main characters/hero’s Everett McGill, Pete Hogwallop, and Delmar O’Donnell escape from a place where they seem to be trapped with many other people in their battle to return home. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Odysseus And A War At Troy" essay for you Create order Both the movie and the book share many similarities and differences. A couple of the differences include the settings, and the number of the main characters/heroes. A couple of similarities between the two include the pursuit of material reward, and many adventures. One of the differences Between the story and the movie is setting. The odyssey happens hundreds of years ago, when the movie takes place recently in the 1930’s. The difference in time brings up different morals, values, and ethics. Odysseus had honor and people thought very highly of him. In Odysseus’s time dying in war was a respected death. In the movie the main characters seemed to have no honor due to the fact that they were in trouble with the law. When they eventually make it home they seemed like they were well off in life yet none of them had gone to war. Their was also a difference in morals, ethics, and values with McGills wife and penelope. McGill’s wife got engaged to another man, while Penelope didn’t remarry after 10 years because she never knew if Odysseus was dead. Penelope also had many suitors asking for her hand in marriage. When Odysseus gets back he is happy to see that Penelope has stayed faithful he then he decides kills all of the s uitors. When McGill returns home and sees that his wife is engaged to another man, he then punches his wife’s fiancà © and gives her wedding band back(taking her hand back in marriage). In the Odyssey, there is one main character being Odysseus. In the movie O Brother, Where Art Thou McGill, Hogwallop and O’Donnell are each a main character. The characters in the book and movie are built with different backbones. Odysseus had a very well rounded and built up life, on top of being well respected with a high social status. He was rich in his time owning servants/workers, and many animals. In the movie the characters were criminals owning an average amount of things for their time, with almost no one knowing them giving them a little to no social status. This is one of the bigger differences between the book and movie because Odysseus was known for his good deeds and the trio were known for their misdeeds. There are many similarities between the book and the movie, including the plot, journey’s, and themes. In both stories the hero/characters share the strong want to return home. In the beginning Odysseus and the trio are healed captive. Towards the end of the movie and book all of the characters/hero’s end up floating on water in tough conditions. Odysseus was floating on strong water because he had angered poseidon. One of the things that poseidon did to help stop odysseus from getting home was tearing his raft up to pieces, this forced Odysseus to try to swim to shore. The trio were floating on strong water that was being used to create a dam. There are many other similarities between the book and the movie. One of them being the fact that the main characters had their future foretold. Theoclymenus had told Odysseus future and the blind clairvoyant for the trio. Another similarity is when Odysseus and his men had to escape from the cyclops Polyphemus, the trio had to escape from Big Dan Teague. One of the biggest similarity is all four men had to battle the sirens or resist them. In the end there are many similarities and differences between Homer’s book and O Brother Where Art Thou. After reading and watching both the book and the movie I now see similarities with other text as well. To conclude I look forward to seeing new similarities and finding other books that are similar to what other movies.

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example

Essays on PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Coursework Privacy now and then According to Warren and Brandeis, privacy was a reflection of social condition of its era. In fact, the concept of privacy developed by Warren and Brandeis was a response to industrialization, impersonalization of work and growth of mass urban areas. They argue that the right of privacy was a necessary outgrowth of the â€Å"intensity and complexity of life† realized through advancing civilization. They added that social standards and morality were to be protected hence the object of privacy according to Warren and Brandeis, was an effort to preserve communitarian values and institutions (Bezanson, 1992). The social and cultural changes that took place between 1890 and 1990 played a vital role in shaping today’s privacy rules. It is a fact to claim that circumstances have changed so much that the rationale of privacy also has to change (Bezanson, 1992). The 1890 privacy focused more on the problem of access by the lower class of society to gain the information regarding the upper class. However, the 1990 privacy was more of a democratic concept as opposed to class. That is, the concept of privacy focused on individual’s interest in some measure of control over self through control over information (Bezanson, 1992). In 1890, the privacy rules were intended to protect the operation of a fixed set of social arrangements and conventions through regulating the process of disclosing the information. On the contrary, the 1990 privacy rules aimed at giving an individual control over the disclosure of confidential personal information through a complex combination of personal and social relationship (Bezanson, 1992). In conclusion, the concept of privacy in the 21st century has been modified to focus on individual’s identified private information thereby addressing two concerns of the common law: rules of liability should be inclined to consistent and principled application, and rules should be established upon social con sensus that is a true reflection of the complexities of social arrangements. ReferencesBezanson, R. P. (1992). The Right to Privacy Revisited: Privacy News and Social change, 1890-1990. Carlifonia: Carlifonia Law Review.

Economics of Workplace Flexibility Free Sample †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economics of Workplace Flexibility. Answer: Introduction: The given article provides information related to the issues associated with work life balance in order to understand the effect of person-organisation fit on the outcomes of individuals. This is considered as a new approach for the purpose of investigation of interactive cognitive mechaniusms related to person-organisation fit in order to find its influence on work-life balance. Person organisation fit refers to the existence of the compatibility between individual and organization. This can be achieved when both organization and individuals share some fundamental characteristics. The article mainly focuses on provision of achieving a good balance between work and personal life by individuals (Seong 2016). This article only focuses on work life balance and establishment of a fit between person and organization. This article only consider the influence of person- organization fit on different domains of life of a person. The other assumption is that readers of the article get knowledge or information regarding the factors that influence work-life balance and helps in establishing a fit between person and organizational needs. In addition to this, the other limitation is that the readers will get the knowledge regarding the relationship that exists between work-life balance and person-organization fit. Besides this, the other assumption is that it also examines the three way interaction among self efficacy, perceptions of family supportive organizations and person organisation fit for the purpose of prediction of the work-life balance (Chick, 2004). The researcher has used mixed method of data collection i.e. a combination of primary and secondary sources of information. There is a use of survey through questionnaire method to collect the data from 1500 employees of a manufacturing firm in Korea. Afterwards, the sample of 765 employees has been chosen from 1500 employees as many of the participants have not responded to the questionnaire. Besides this, the information is also collected related to different aspects of the research topic from the available published sources such as journal articles or prior research works in order to create the background of the research study (Seong 2016). It is found out in the article that there is a presence of significant relationship between work-life balance and person-organisation fit. Besides this, it is also found out that there is an existence of strong relationship between person-organisation fit and work-life balance when there is a presence of high self efficacy as compared to when self efficacy is low. Along with this, when the perceptions of family supported organizations is low then there is a presence of strong relationship between person-organization fit and self efficacy. In addition to this, it is also found out that presence of person-organization fit help employees to manage trheir family issues in an effective manner (Seong 2016). There are different ideas that are discussed in the article which relates to the concepts discuss in the management subject such as work-life balance, self efficacy and person-organization fit. Work- life balance refers to the activities performed by the professionals to maintain a balance between their professional and personal life. Nowadays, companies provide different facilities such as flexible working hours which help employees to maintain a good work-life balance. Besides this, self efficacy is the efficiency of the employees that helps in increasing their productivity in the organization. There is an existence of strong relationship between person-organization fit and self efficacy (Seong 2016). The potential contribution of the given article is that it provides comprehensive information related to different concepts associated with management or organizational theory. Readers of the article get information related to various aspects of human resource management and organizational behavior. This article is helpful for human resource managers as it discusses different factors that influence the performance and productivity of different individuals working in an organization. Existence of strong relationship between work-life balance and person-organization fit facilitates in increasing the productivity of the individuals. When an organization uses family supportive policies in the organization then there is an increase in the productivity of the employees as they can easily make a balance between their work and personal life ((Seong 2016). If the values of employees meet with the outcomes of the organization then it results in increase the job satisfaction of the employees. In addition to this, it also results in an increase in the level of commitment of managers and employees of the organization. This is because it results in building a sense of belongingness among the managers of the organization. In addition to this, execution of the work life balance strategies in the organization facilitates in providing solutions to the problems faced by employees. It also helps in handling the ethical dilemmas of the members of the organization (Walden University, 2007). Besides this, it also helps in reducing the negative impact on the employees related to the disturbances created by the business environment. It help employees to use their judgement abilities for the purpose of solving the problems faced by them. Nowadays, organizations focus on involving employees in the decision making process which helps in increasing their self esteem in the organization. This motivates them to achieve the common goal of the organization effectively and efficiently (Klpping, 2012). Managers in order to reduce the negative impact of ethical delimmas can execute and adopt new changes in the processes and procedures so that the mistakes and fraudulent activities carried out by the employees. Provision of flexible working hours to employees helps them to maintain a good balance between their work and family life. This has resulted in increasing their satisfaction level and improving their productivity and performance (Flechl, 2010). The five terms that are used to search peer reviewed journal article for the purpose of exploring information related to the theory discussed in the article include importance of work-life balance, relationship between person-organization fit and work-life balance, self efficacy and work-life balance, family supportive organization perceptions, and factors that influence work- life balance (Romer, 2011). In order to reduce the occurrence of the conflict between work and home life, companies are using work life balance initiatives in the organization. This has resulted in the reduction of job dissatisfaction in terms of employee turnover (Smith Gardner, 2007). Direct Quote from second peer reviewed article mentioned in Question 9 Work-life balance has emerged as a major theme during the last two decades, which witnessed a substantial intensification of work caused by economic uncertainty, organisational restructuring, and increase in business competition (Hughes Bozionelos, 2007). References Chick, E.D. 2004. Fundamentals of Work-Life Balance. American Society for Training and Development. Flechl, V. 2010. Work Life Balance - A Comparative Study of Women in Senior Management Positions in Austria, Denmark and Great Britain. GRIN Verlag. Hughes, J. Bozionelos, N. 2007. Work-life balance as source of job dissatisfaction and withdrawal attitudes. Personnel Review 36(1), 145-154. Klpping, L. 2012. Work-Life-Balance. GRIN Verlag. Romer, C. 2011. Work-Life Balance and the Economics of Workplace Flexibility. DIANE Publishing. Seong, J.Y. 2016. Person-organisation fit, family supportive organization perceptions and self efficacy affect work life balance. Social behaviourand personality 44(6), 911-922. Smith, J. Gardner, D. 2007. Factors Affecting Employee Use of Work-Life Balance Initiatives. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 36(1), 3-12. Walden University. 2007. Stratified Roles: The Implications of Work-life Balance on Male Executives. ProQuest.